Biology of Plants

plant cells build molecular machines for photosynthesis, infrastructure and communication, and protection

Life on the Earth relies on plants: they build sugar from air and water using photosynthesis, and then most living things survive, either directly or indirectly, by consuming them. Plants face unique challenges, since they are usually rooted in place, but still need to find light and nutrients and protect themselves from dangers. Atomic structures have revealed the fine details of the photosynthetic machinery, as well as the many unusual molecules made by plant cells for regulation and protection.

Molecule of the Month Articles (21)

	Auxin and TIR1 Ubiquitin Ligase The plant hormone auxin controls growth and response to light and gravity
	Bacteriorhodopsin Bacteriorhodopsin pumps protons powered by green sunlight
	Carbonic Anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase solubilizes carbon dioxide gas so we can breathe it out
	Carotenoid Oxygenase Light-sensing retinal molecules are built from colorful carotenoids in our diet
	Concanavalin A and Circular Permutation For some proteins, clipped and reassembled sequences can produce the same 3D shape
	Cytochrome bc1 A flow of electrons powers proton pumps in cellular respiration and photosynthesis
	EPSP Synthase and Weedkillers The weedkiller Roundup attacks a key enzyme involved in the construction of aromatic compounds.
	Fatty Acid Synthase Fatty acids are constructed in many sequential steps by a large protein complex
	Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) A tiny fluorescent protein from jellyfish has revolutionized cell biology
	Isoprene Synthase Plants release a billion metric tons of isoprene and other organic gases every year.
	Monellin Monellin and other supersweet proteins trick our taste receptors.
	Nitrogenase Nitrogenase uses an exotic cluster of metals to fix atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable ammonia
	Photosynthetic Supercomplexes Light is captured by huge supercomplexes of photosystems and antenna systems.
	Photosystem I Photosystem I captures the energy in sunlight
	Photosystem II Photosystem II captures the energy from sunlight and uses it to extract electrons from water molecules
	Phototropin Phototrophins sense the level of blue light, allowing plants to respond to changing environmental conditions
	Phytosulfokine Receptor Phytosulfokine and other small peptides deliver signals about growth and development in plants.
	Restriction Enzymes Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA are useful tools for genetic engineering
	Ricin The structure of ricin reveals how it kills cells and how vaccines can produce immunity against ricin poisoning
	Rubisco Rubisco fixes atmospheric carbon dioxide into bioavailable sugar molecules
	TAL Effectors TAL-effectors are modular, DNA-reading proteins that can be used to edit DNA in living cells

Learning Resources (7)

Molecular Machinery: A Tour of the Protein Data Bank

(Flyer)

Virus Structures

(Flyer)

Molecular Machinery: A Tour of the Protein Data Bank

(Poster)

Interactive Tour of PDB's Molecular Machinery

(Viewer)

Nitrobindin

Phytochrome

Salicylic Acid Binding Protein 2

	Molecular Machinery: A Tour of the Protein Data Bank Flyer The enormous range of molecular shapes and sizes in the PDB archive is illustrated using 96 structures, depicted relative to the cellular membrane.
	Virus Structures Flyer Learn about polyhedral, helical, complex, and enveloped viruses with examples drawn at approximately 900,000x magnification. Created in collaboration with EMDataBank.
	Molecular Machinery: A Tour of the Protein Data Bank Poster The enormous range of molecular shapes and sizes in the PDB archive is illustrated using 96 structures, depicted relative to the cellular membrane.
	Interactive Tour of PDB's Molecular Machinery Viewer This interactive view of molecular machinery in the PDB archive lets users select a structure, access a 3D view of the entry using the NGL Viewer, read a brief summary of the molecule’s biological role, and access the corresponding PDB entry and Molecule of the Month article.
	Coloring Molecular Machinery Coloring Book This is a molecular coloring book for all artists.
	Discovering Biology Through Crystallography Coloring Book Color the diverse 3D shapes studied by crystallographers. Created with support from the ACA. Available as a PDF and individual images.
	3D Print: Green Fluorescent Protein Other Resource Download curated file of green fluorescent protein (GFP) for 3D printing

Biology of Plants

Molecule of the Month Articles (21)

Learning Resources (7)

Structural Biology Highlights (3)