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Diabetes

causes and cures

Glucose is transported through the blood, powering cells throughout the body. However, if the level of glucose gets too high, it can cause the chronic problems associated with diabetes mellitus. Atomic structures have revealed how glucose levels are regulated in the body and are providing new hope for combating the disease.

Molecule of the Month Articles (8)

Designer Insulins

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4

Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products

	Designer Insulins Engineered insulins have been developed to improve treatment of diabetes
	Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 are used to treat type-2 diabetes
	Glucagon Glucagon triggers the release of glucose into the blood, to power cells throughout the body
	Glucose Oxidase Glucose oxidase measures blood glucose level in biosensors
	Glucose Transporters Glucose transporters deliver glucose molecules one-by-one across cell membranes.
	Insulin The hormone insulin helps control the level of glucose in the blood
	Insulin Receptor The cellular receptor for insulin helps control the utilization of glucose by cells
	Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products RAGE recognizes sugar-modified proteins, contributing to an inflammatory response that plays a role in diabetes

Learning Resources (6)

Insulin

(Paper Model)

Insulin and Dorothy Hodgkin

(Flyer)

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Diabetes

(Video)

(Video)

	Insulin Paper Model Learn about insulin, a peptide hormone that plays a critical role in our ability to use glucose from the food that we eat
	Insulin and Dorothy Hodgkin Flyer
	Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Diabetes Poster Image of GLP-1 receptor recognizing a GLP-1 analog (yellow) with liraglutide.
	Insulin and Diabetes Poster Structural biology has revealed the details of insulin signaling and how this knowledge is being used to create new and better treatments for diabetes.
	2017 Diabetes Video For the fourth year, RCSB PDB invited high school students to tell molecular stories in video. This year's challenge focused on the molecular view of the diabetes treatment and management.
	2016 Diabetes Video Winning videos in the 2016 Video Challange for High School Students "Structural Biology & Diabetes"

Curriculum Resources (15)

Exploring a Protein Structure in the RCSB PDB: Insulin Introductory

Diabetes: A Few Case Studies

Mutant Insulin: Wakayama

Exploring a Protein Structure in the RCSB PDB: Insulin Advanced

Insulin: The First Biotechnology Drug

Making a Paper Model: Insulin

Insulin Resistance: Exploring the Structure and Functions of AKT

Insulin Signaling: A Molecular View

Proinsulin Tokyo

What is Diabetes? A Molecular View

"Managing Diabetes: Complications, Diagnosis and Treatments"

"Glucose Homeostasis: In Health, Disease and With Treatment "

Learning About Proteins: Asking the Right Questions

The Dark Side of Insulin

Short Acting Insulin: Aspart

	Exploring a Protein Structure in the RCSB PDB: Insulin Introductory
	Diabetes: A Few Case Studies
	Mutant Insulin: Wakayama
	Exploring a Protein Structure in the RCSB PDB: Insulin Advanced
	Insulin: The First Biotechnology Drug
	Making a Paper Model: Insulin
	Insulin Resistance: Exploring the Structure and Functions of AKT
	Insulin Signaling: A Molecular View
	Proinsulin Tokyo
	What is Diabetes? A Molecular View
	"Managing Diabetes: Complications, Diagnosis and Treatments"
	"Glucose Homeostasis: In Health, Disease and With Treatment "
	Learning About Proteins: Asking the Right Questions
	The Dark Side of Insulin
	Short Acting Insulin: Aspart

Structural Biology Highlights (1)

Glucagon Receptor

Global Health (27)

Diabetes Mellitus - What is Diabetes?

Diabetes Mellitus - Causes of Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus - Types of Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus - Statistics

Diabetes Mellitus - Timeline

Diabetes Mellitus - Symptoms

Diabetes Mellitus - Diagnosis

Diabetes Mellitus - Complications

Diabetes Mellitus - Non-Pharmacological

Diabetes Mellitus - Pharmacological

Diabetes Mellitus - DPP4

Diabetes Mellitus - Sitagliptin

Diabetes Mellitus - Vildagliptin

Diabetes Mellitus - Saxagliptin

Diabetes Mellitus - Alogliptin

Diabetes Mellitus - Linagliptin

Diabetes Mellitus - Anagliptin

Diabetes Mellitus - Alpha glucosidase

Diabetes Mellitus - Acarbose

Diabetes Mellitus - Miglitol

Diabetes Mellitus - Rosiglitazone

Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin

Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Receptor

Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Lispro

Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Aspart

Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Detemir

Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Degludec

	Diabetes Mellitus - What is Diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affect many lives globally.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Causes of Diabetes Diabetes can be caused by the absense or improper function of insulin.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Types of Diabetes Diabetes is classified into various types based on its causes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Statistics Diabetes is a growing global health concern.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Timeline This timeline lists key events in the discovery of Diabetes and its main treatment options.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Symptoms
	Diabetes Mellitus - Diagnosis Diabetes is diagnosed by measuring blood or plasma glucose levels and/or levels of hemoglobin glycation
	Diabetes Mellitus - Complications Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to many acute and chronic complications
	Diabetes Mellitus - Non-Pharmacological Lifestyle changes, including improvement in diet and increasing exercise, can help manage and prevent progression of diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Pharmacological A number of pharmacological options are available to treat diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - DPP4 This protease is responsible for cleaving various small peptides, including the incretins GLP-1 and GIP.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Sitagliptin An oral non-substrate-like DPP-4 inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Vildagliptin An oral substrate-like DPP-4 inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Saxagliptin An oral substrate-like DPP-4 inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Alogliptin An oral xanthine based DPP-4 inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Linagliptin An oral xanthine based DPP-4 inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Anagliptin An oral non-substrate-like DPP-4 inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Alpha glucosidase This group of enzymes help with the final stages of carbohydrate digestion.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Acarbose An oral substrate-like glucosidase inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Miglitol A small molecule glucosidase inhibitor used for treating diabetes.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Rosiglitazone An agonist for PPAR-g receptor used for treating diabetes
	Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin This is a polypeptide hormone, critical for glucose uptake by cells.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Receptor This is a membrane receptor that binds insulin and triggers a signaling cascade inside the cell, leading to glucose uptake and various other metabolic and growth-related functions.
	Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Lispro This designed molecule is a rapid-acting human insulin analog
	Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Aspart This designed molecule is a rapid-acting human insulin analog
	Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Detemir This designed molecule is a long-acting human insulin analog
	Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Degludec This designed molecule is an ultra-long acting human insulin analog

Goodsell Molecular Landscapes (2)

Insulin Release

Insulin Action

	Insulin Release Insulin is stored in small crystals inside pancreatic beta cells.
	Insulin Action Insulin Action (2016) by David S. Goodsell.

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