![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/160/160-Actinomycin_173d_composite-tn.jpg) |
Actinomycin
Some antibiotics attack cells by intercalating between the bases in a DNA double helix
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/279/5a31_homepage-tn.png) |
Anaphase-Promoting Complex / Cyclosome
APC/C guards the checkpoints that regulate key steps in the cell cycle
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/177/177-Apoptosomes_human_apoptosome-tn.jpg) |
Apoptosomes
Apoptosomes make life or death decisions in cells
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/284/5np0_homepage-tn.png) |
ATM and ATR Kinases
Dividing cells use ATM and ATR kinases to respond to DNA damage.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/283/1opk_homepage-tn.png) |
c-Abl Protein Kinase and Imatinib
Protein kinases are being targeted by new anti-cancer drugs
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/56/caspases-tn.gif) |
Caspases
Caspases disassemble proteins during the process of programmed cell death
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/214/214-Chimeric_Antigen_Receptors-CAR-tn.jpg) |
Chimeric Antigen Receptors
T cells may be engineered with chimeric antigen receptors to attack cancer cells.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/255/255-Cisplatin_and_DNA-1ckt_homepage-tn.png) |
Cisplatin and DNA
Cisplatin treats cancer by causing damage to the DNA of cancer cells.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/236/236-Cyclin_and_Cyclindependent_Kinase-1fin_homepage-tn.png) |
Cyclin and Cyclin-dependent Kinase
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control when cells divide, making them important targets for cancer therapy.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/34/7dfr-tn.gif) |
Dihydrofolate Reductase
DHFR is a target for cancer chemotherapy and bacterial infection
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/126/mom126_egfr-tn.jpg) |
Epidermal Growth Factor
EGF is part of a family of proteins that controls aspects of cell growth and development
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/45/1hcq-1a52-tn.gif) |
Estrogen Receptor
Estrogen binds to receptors in the nucleus and affects key genes in development
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/212/212-Glutathione_Transferases-3gss-tn.jpg) |
Glutathione Transferases
Glutathione transferase tags toxic molecules, making them easy to recognize and remove.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/252/252-Hepatitis_C_Virus_ProteaseHelicase-1cu1_homepage-tn.png) |
Hepatitis C Virus Protease/Helicase
Structures of hepatitis C viral proteins have led to the discovery of direct-acting antivirals.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/268/Figure1_homepage-tn.png) |
HER2/neu and Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab monoclonal antibodies targeting HER2 receptors are at the forefront of breast cancer treatment
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/285/1t64_homepage-tn.png) |
Histone Deacetylases
Histone deacetylases regulate access to genetic information by modifying histones
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/108/2cg9_composite-tn.jpg) |
Hsp90
Heat shock proteins ensure that proteins remain folded and active under harsh conditions
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/221/222-Human_Papillomavirus_and_Vaccines-6bt3-homepage2-tn.png) |
Human Papillomavirus and Vaccines
The capsid protein of papillomavirus is used in vaccines that prevent cervical cancer.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/230/230-Initiation_Factor_eIF4E-1rf8_homepage-tn.png) |
Initiation Factor eIF4E
Initiation factors for protein synthesis interact through disordered chains.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/62/1hsa-tn.gif) |
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC displays peptides on the surfaces of cells, allowing the immune system to sense the infection inside
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/234/234-MDM2_and_Cancer-MDM2_homepage-tn.png) |
MDM2 and Cancer
MDM2 controls the action of p53 tumor suppressor, making it a target for cancer chemotherapy.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/175/175-Microtubules_3j2u-tn.jpg) |
Microtubules
The largest filaments of the cytoskeleton provide tracks for transport throughout the cell
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/237/237-Nanodiscs_and_HDL-6clz_homepage-tn.png) |
Nanodiscs and HDL
Nanodiscs conveniently package a small piece of membrane for experimental studies.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/269/6pv7_homepage-tn.png) |
Nicotine, Cancer, and Addiction
Nicotine causes addiction by interacting with receptors in the brain
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/271/7lsy_homepage-tn.png) |
Non-Homologous End Joining Supercomplexes
Lethal double-strand breaks in the DNA genome are repaired by NHEJ
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/31/p53-unbound-tn.gif) |
p53 Tumor Suppressor
p53 tumor suppressor protects the body from DNA damage and cancer
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/204/203-PD1_Programmed_Cell_Death_Protein_1-3bik_3bp5-tn.jpg) |
PD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1)
PD-1 and its ligands are a new target for cancer therapy
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/270/4fxf_homepage-tn.png) |
Pyruvate Kinase M2
Pyruvate kinases are the paradoxical gatekeepers for cancer cell metabolism and growth.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/195/195-Raf_Protein_Kinases-raf-tn.jpg) |
RAF Protein Kinases
A single mutation in a RAF protein kinase can help transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/148/148-RasProtein_5p21-tn.jpg) |
Ras Protein
Mutation of the growth-controlling ras protein can lead to cancer
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/172/172-RecAAndRad51_recA_filament-tn.jpg) |
RecA and Rad51
Broken DNA strands may be repaired by matching sequences in a duplicate copy of the DNA
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/238/238-Ribonucleotide_Reductase-1mrr_3r1r_homepage-tn.png) |
Ribonucleotide Reductase
Ribonucleotide reductase creates the building blocks of DNA
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/47/1sva_DNA-tn.gif) |
Simian Virus 40
SV40 hijacks the cells it infects using only a handful of proteins
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/98/98_siRNA-tn.jpg) |
Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
Our cells continually look for pieces of double-stranded RNA, a possible sign of viral infection
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/245/245-Spliceosomes-3jb9_homepage-tn.png) |
Spliceosomes
Cryoelectron microscropy is revealing how spliceosomes cut-and-paste messenger RNA molecules.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/43/2src-tn.gif) |
Src Tyrosine Kinase
Growth signaling proteins play an important role in the development of cancer
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/227/227-Telomerase-6d6v-homepage-tn.png) |
Telomerase
Telomerase maintains the ends of our chromosomes.
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/91/91_1n4e-tn.jpg) |
Thymine Dimers
Ultraviolet light damages our DNA, but our cells have ways to correct the damage
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/73/1a36-tn.gif) |
Topoisomerases
Topoisomerases untangle and reduce the tension of DNA strands in the cell
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![](https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/motm/267/5t89_homepage_new-tn.png) |
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VegF) and Angiogenesis
VegF promotes blood vessel formation (angiogenesis), affecting cancer proliferation, wound healing, and other bodily processes.
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